Appalachian Summit

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2. Color of Gold

 

 

The first European explorer to reach the Appalachian Summit was Hernando DeSoto.  In the spring of 1540 he and his army approached the mountains after a long march from the west coast of  Florida which had begun in the summer of the previous year.  The sole purpose of their expedition was to search for gold or other valuable minerals.  Three eyewitness accounts of the expedition exist.[1]

 

Rodrigo Ranjel -

The next day, Friday, they went to Xuala, which is a town on a plain between some rivers; its cacique was so well provisioned, that he gave to the Christians however much they asked for: tamemes, corn, little dogs, petacas, and however much he had. Petacas are baskets covered with leather (and also yet to be covered), with their lids, for carrying clothes and what­ever they might wish. And on Saturday Baltasar de Gallegos arrived there with many sick and lame, and they needed them healthy, particularly since they now had the mountains before them. In that Xuala it seemed to them that there was better disposition to look for gold mines than in all that they had passed through and seen in that northern part.

 

A Gentleman From Elvas-

Xualla. They found little maize, and for that reason, although the men were tired and their horses very weak, the governor did not stop over two days.

 

Ruiz Hernandez De Biedma-

we arrived at a land that they call Xuala, and here we found little population, because of the land being rugged, but still we found some Indian houses.

 

Ranjel-

Tuesday, on the twenty-fifth of May, they left from Xuala and crossed that day a very high mountain range, and they spent the night in a small forest, and the next day, Wednesday, in a savannah where they en­dured great cold, although it was already the twenty-sixth of May; and there they crossed, in water up to their shins.

 

Elvas-

The governor set out from Xualla for Guaxule, crossing over very rough and lofty mountains.

 

Ranjel -

 

The next day they spent the night in an oak grove, and the following day, alongside a large creek, which they crossed many times; and the next day messengers came in peace, and they arrived early at Guasili, and they gave them many tamemes, many little dogs, and corn; and because this was a good resting place, the soldiers afterward called it, while throwing the dice, the House of Guasili, or a good encounter.

 

Elvas-

In five days,the governor arrived at Guaxulle. The Indians there made him service of three hundred dogs, for they observed that the Christians liked them and sought them to eat; but they are not eaten among them [the Indians]. In Guaxulle and along that road there was very little maize.

 

 

Biedma-

We went onward to a town that is called Guasuli, where they gave us a quantity of dogs and some corn, of which they had little.

 

Ranjel -

Monday, which was the last day of May, the Governor left from Guasili and went with his army to an oak grove alongside a river, and the next day they passed through Canasoga and spent the night in the open. And on Wednesday they spent the night alongside a swamp, and this day they ate a very great number of mulberries. The next day, Thursday, they went alongside a large creek next to the river that they had crossed in the savannah . . . and now it was large. The next day, Friday, they went to a pine forest and a creek, where Indians from Chiaha came in peace and brought corn. And the next day, Saturday, in the morning, the Spaniards crossed the very broad river, across a branch of it, and entered in Chiaha, which is on an island of the same river.

Saturday, the fifth of June, was the day that they entered in Chiaha; and since from Xuala all their travel had been through a mountain range and the horses were tired and thin, and the Christians likewise fatigued, it was advis­able to halt and rest there; and they gave them an abundance of good corn, of which there is much, and they gave them many mazamorras, and consider­able oil of walnuts and acorns, which they know how to extract very well, and it is very good and helped them very much for their sustenance, al­though some are wont to say that the oil of walnuts causes some flatulence; notwithstanding it is very delicious. The Indians were with the Christians fifteen days in peace; they played with them, and also among themselves; they swam in the company of the Christians, and in all they served them very well. They went away afterward one Saturday, the nineteenth of the month, because of a certain thing which the Governor asked them for; and in short, it was that he asked them for women. The next day in the morning, the Governor sent for the cacique, and he came then, and the next day the Governor carried him with him [as a hostage] to make the people return, and indeed they came. In the land of this Chiaha was where these Spaniards first found the towns palisaded [cercados]. Chiaha gave them five hundred tame­mes, and they consented to leave off collars and chains.

Elvas-

The governor sent an Indian thence with a message to the caciquc of Chiaha, asking him to order some maize brought them, so that they might rest several days in Chiaha.  The governor left Guaxulle and after a march of two days reached a town called Canasagua.  Twenty Indians came out to meet him each carrying his basket of mulberries which grow in abundance and good from Cutifachiqui thither and also on into other provinces, as well as walnuts and plums. The trees grow wild in the fields without being planted or manured and are as large and as vigorous as if they were cultivated and irrigated in gardens. After the governor left Canasagua, he marched five days through an uninhabited region. Two leagues before reaching Chiaha, fifteen Indians, bearing maize, whom the cacique sent, met him and told him in behalf of the cacique that the latter was awaiting him with twenty barbacoas full, and [that] he with all the rest, including his person, land, and vassals, were all at his service.

 On July 5 , the governor entered Chiaha. The cacique moved out of his houses in which he was lodging and welcomed him very hospitably, with the following words: “Powerful and excellent lord: I consider myself so fortu­nate in that your Lordship is pleased to use my services that no greater happiness could come to me nor any that I could esteem as much. Your Lordship ordered me from Guaxulle to have maize for you in this town for two months. I have here for you twenty barbacoas full of choice maize, and the best that can be found in all the land. If your Lordship was not received by me in accordance with what is due to so great a prince, have consideration for my few years which acquit me of guilt, and receive the good will which, with great, true, and sincere loyalty, I shall always have for what concerns your service.”

The governor answered him saying that his service and offer pleased him greatly and that he would always consider him as a brother. In that town, there was an abundance of butter in gourds, in melted form like olive oil. They said it was bear’s grease. There was also found considerable walnut oil which like the butter  was clean and of a good taste, and a pot of bee’s honey; which before or after was not seen in all the land—neither honey nor bees.

The town was isolated between two arms of a river and was settled near one of them.   At a distance of two crossbow-shots above the town, the river divided into those two arms which were reunited a league below. The field between the one arm and the other was in places about the width of one crossbow-shot, and in places of two. They were of great width and both were fordable. Very excellent fields lay along them and many maize fields. Inasmuch as the Indians were in their town, only the governor was lodged in the houses of the cacique, and his men in the open field. Wherever there were any trees each one took his own. In this way the camp was established with some widely separated from the others and without any order. The governor overlooked this since the Indians were peaceable and the weather was quiet and the men would have suffered great discomfort if they had not done this.

The horses reached there so weak that they were unable to carry their owners through weakness, because of having come from Cutifachiqui all the way with but little maize. They [the horses] had suffered hunger and fatigue all the way from the unpopulated region of Ocute. Since most of the men were not fit to fight on them even if it should be necessary, they put the horses out to pasture at night a quarter of a league from the camp.

The Christians were in great danger, for if at that time, the Indians had attacked them, they were in a poor position for defending themselves. There the governor rested for thirty days, during which time the horses grew fat because of the luxuriance of the land. At the time of his departure, because of the importunity of some who wished more than was proper, he asked the cacique for thirty Indian women as slaves.   The cacique answered that he would talk with his principal men; but one night, before returning an an­swer, all the Indians left the town  with their wives and children and went away. Next day, when the governor had made up his mind to go to look for them, the cacique came, and on arriving spoke as follows to the governor: “Powerful Lord: I am ashamed and fearful of your Lordship, because my Indians, against my will, decided to go away. I fled without your permis­sion; and having perceived the mistake I committed, I have come as a loyal vassal to deliver myself into your Lordship’s power so that you may do what you please with my person, for my people do not obey me nor do anything except what an uncle of mine orders, who is governing these lands for me until I am of proper age. If your Lordship wishes to follow them and execute on them what they deserve for their disobedience, I will be your guide, for my fortune refuses at present to let me do more.”

The governor immediately went in search of the Indians with thirty horse and a like number of foot. Passing through some towns of the principal Indians who had gone off, he cut down and destroyed their large maize fields; and went to hold the river above where the Indians were on an islet, whither the men on horse could not go. He sent word to them there by an Indian that they should return to their town and should have no fear and that they should furnish him tamemes for carrying as had been done by all the Indians before; that he did not wish any Indian women since it cost them so dearly to give them to him.

The Indians considered it well and came to the governor and made their excuses to him; and so they all returned to the town. A cacique from a province called Acoste  came there to visit the governor. After offering himself to him and exchanging words of politeness and courtesy with him, the governor asked him whether he knew of any rich land. He said he did; that there was a province to the north called Chisca,  and that there was a foundry for copper and other metal of that color, except that it was finer and of much more perfect color and much better in appearance; and that they did not make so much use of it as it was softer. The same thing had been told the governor in Cutifachiqui where we saw some copper hatchets which they said had a mixture of gold. However, the land was thinly populated as far as that region and they said that there were mountain ridges which the horses could not cross. On that account, the governor did not wish to go thither by direct road from Cutifachiqui, and thought that if he went through a popu­lated region while the men and horses were in better condition and he more certain of the truth of what there was, he could turn hither through ridges and better populated land where he could travel better. He sent two Chris­tians from Chiaha with Indians who knew the land of Chisca and its lan­guage, in order that they might examine it, with orders that they should go to report what they found at the place where he said he would await them.

 

Ranjel -

On Monday, the twenty-eighth of June, the Governor and his people left from Chiaha, and they passed through five or six towns, and they went to sleep at a pine forest, in front of a town; but they had much hardship there in crossing a river that flowed very strongly, and they made a bridge or support of horses so that the foot soldiers might not be endangered, in the manner that will now be related. And it was thus: they put the horses in the river in single file, tail with head, and they held them still as much as they were able, and upon each one his master, and they received the impact of the current, and below them, where the water made no impact, the foot soldiers crossed, holding on to the tail, stirrup, cuirass, and mane of one after another; and in this manner all the army crossed well.

The next day, Tuesday, they passed through a town, and there they took corn and went onward to sleep in the open. The following Wednesday they crossed a river, and then a town and the river another time, and they spent the night in the open. And on Thursday the cacique of Coste came forth to receive them in peace, and he led the Christians to sleep in a town of his. He got angry because some soldiers looted, or more accurately, sacked some barbacoas against his will. And thus, the next day, Thursday, going toward his principal town of Coste, he slipped away and evaded the Spaniards and called his people to arms. On Friday, the second day of the month of July, the adelantado Governor arrived at Coste, which is a town on an island of the river, which there flows great and strong and is difficult to enter: and the Christians crossed the first branch without danger to any one of the soldiers (which was no small good fortune); and the Governor entered in the town carelessly and unarmed with a few unarmed men, and when the soldiers did as was their custom and began to climb on the barbacoas, in the instant that they began to do that, the Indians began to beat them and take their bows and arrows and come forth to the plaza. The Governor commanded that all should suffer it and be tolerant, because of the evident danger in which they were, and that no one should put hand to his weapons; and he began to quarrel with the soldiers, and in order to dissimulate, he also thrashed some of them, and he flattered the cacique and told him that he did not wish that the Christians should anger them, and that he wished to leave to take lodging at the savannah of the island. And the cacique and his [people] went with him, and as they had withdrawn from the town, in the clear, he gave the command to lay hands on the cacique and ten or twelve principals, and they put them in chains with their collars, and he threatened them and said that he would burn all of them, because they had laid hands on the Christians. From there at Coste, the Governor sent two soldiers north to see the province of Chisca, which was rumored to have great wealth, and they brought good news. There in Coste was found, in the trunk of a tree, honey from bees, as good as, or even better than can be had in Spain. In that river they found, in some clams that they gathered from it to eat, some pearls, and they were the first that those Christians saw from fresh water, although there are [pearls] in many parts of that land.

 

Elvas-

When the governor made up his mind to go from Chiaha to Acoste, he ordered the cacique to come to him, and took leave of him with courteous words, and gave him some pieces of cloth with which he was very happy. He reached Acoste in seven days. On the second of July, he ordered the camp made in the open field two crossbow flights from the town and with eight men of his guard he went toward the town where he found the cacique, who apparently received him with great friendliness. While he was talking with him, some of the foot soldiers went to the town from the camp to look for maize, and not being satisfied with it, went rummaging around and searching the houses and seized what they found. Annoyed at this the Indi­ans began to get excited and to seize their arms. Some of them with clubs in their hands went to five or six Christians who angered them and with blows served them to their liking.

The governor seeing them all excited and himself among them with so few Christians, in order to escape out of their hands, practiced a stratagem quite contrary to his usual disposition, which was very direct and open; and al­though it grieved him greatly that any Indian should dare, either with or without reason, to show contempt for the Christians, he seized a club and went to their aid against his own men, which was done for the purpose of assuring them [the Indians]. Straightway he secretly sent a message to camp through a man for armed men to come to him. He took the cacique by the hand while conversing with him very courteously and with some of the principal Indians who were with him drew him from the town to a level road, and within sight of the camp whence the Christians began gradually to come, under an innocent guise, and to take position round about. Thus the governor led the cacique and his principal men until he got into the camp with them. When near his tent, he ordered them to be placed under guard and told them that they could not go until giving him a guide and Indians for carrying and until some sick Christians should come from Chiaha whom he had ordered to come down the river in canoes, and those also whom he had sent to the province of Chisca, who had not yet come. He feared lest the Indians had killed both parties.

Three days afterward they came. Those from Chisca said that the Indians had taken them through a land so poor in maize and so rough and with such lofty mountains that it was impossible for the camp to march through it; and seeing that the road was getting long and they were greatly delayed, they considered it advisable to return from a small, poor village where they saw nothing that might be of use. They brought a cowskin which the Indians gave them, as soft as the skin of a kid, with hair like that of the soft wool of a sheep between that of the common and that of the merino. The cacique furnished a guide and tamemes, and with the governor’s permission went away.

 

Ranjel -

Friday, the ninth of July, the adelantado and his army left Coste, and they crossed the other branch of the river and spent the night on its banks, and Tali was on the other side; and since the river flows together in one large channel, they could not cross it, and the Indians, be­lieving that they had crossed, sent canoes, and in them their wives and chil­dren and clothes, on this side, well away from the Christians; but they [the Indians] were all taken suddenly, and as they went along with the current the Governor made them all turn back, which was the reason why the cacique came in peace, and he helped them cross to the other side in his canoes and gave to the Christians what they had need of. And thus he did in his land, through which they passed afterward; and they were there on Saturday, and they gave them tamemes, and they departed on Sunday and slept in the open.

 

Elvas-

The governor set forth from Coste on July 9  and went to sleep at a town called Tali. The cacique came out to meet him on the road  and spoke as follows: “Excellent lord Prince, worthy of being served and obeyed by all the princes of the world. Just as one can judge in greater part of the inner virtue by the face, and since who you are and your power have been known to me before now, I do not wish to bear the consequence of how small I am in your presence by expecting that my poor service will be pleasing and acceptable, for where the strength fails, it is not unbecoming for the good will to be praised and received. On this account I dare to beg your Lordship -only to consider and observe, in this your land in which you command, how I may serve you.

The governor answered him saying that he thanked him as much for his good will and tenders as if he had offered him all the riches of the world, and that he would always be protected and esteemed by him as a true brother.  The cacique ordered brought thither the provisions needed for the two days the governor should be there; and at the time of his leaving he made him service of four Indian women and two Indian men who were needed as carriers.

 

 

Twenty-six years after De Soto’s departure from the Appalachian Summit, Captain Juan Pardo led two expeditions from the Spanish outpost of Santa Elena on Parris Island , South Carolina.  His route was much the same of that taken by De Soto whose ruthlessness was remembered by some of the Indians.[2]

 

Juan de la Bandera -

     on September 24, 1567, in the presence of me, Juan de la Bandera, notary, on the said day, the captain, Juan Pardo, continuing the journey, arrived at the place called Joara to which he gave the name of city of Cuenca because His Grace is a native of the city of Cuenca that is in the kingdom of Spain and at the foot of a range of mountains, surrounded by rivers, as is the place called Joara. Likewise His Grace gave to the fort called San Juan, which previously His Grace had had built by his company in His Majesty’s name, the name of San Juan because the captain is named Juan and also because the year before this present one he arrived with his company at the place called Joara on the day of San Juan, Apostle and evangelist. [Joara] is one hundred and twenty leagues from the city and point of Santa Elena which is in the provinces of Florida. Also [he made the fort] because His Grace saw that the mountain range was full of snow which could not be passed, and because for the service of His Majesty it was convenient for His Grace to return to the city of Santa Elena, [so that] what they had done and worked until the place called Joara should not remain a wilderness, he had built by his company the fort called San Juan in which, in order that it should remain with the strength which was suitable, he left Hernando Moyano, his sergeant, with thirty men of his company. Thus he returned to the city of Santa Elena with all the other people, where he remained until the first day of the month of September when he began a second time to pursue the journey. Pursuing these daily travels, with all [of them] he arrived on the said day at the place called Joara where he found built a new house of wood with a large elevated room full of maize, which the cacique of the village, who is called Joada [sic] Mico, had built by the command of the captain for the service of His Majesty. . . . The captain, in view of the obedience of the cacique, in addition to a little battle axe on a handle which previously he had given him in my presence, now he gave him an axe and for him and other caciques, his subjects, eight small long wedges like chisels and eight large knives, and a piece of satin and another of red taffeta, with which the cacique and the others were very content. . . .

the captain, Juan Pardo, continuing the journey on October 1, 1567, arrived with his company at a place which is over the top (desecabo) of the ridge [of mountains] and which is called TocaE in which the captain stopped for four hours. While he was there, he summoned the cacique of the place, who is called TocaE Orata. . . .  The captain, in view of the obedience of the cacique, gave him a small wedge and a large knife and a little green taffeta. . . .

the captain, Juan Pardo, continuing the journey, on October 2, 1567, arrived at the place which is called Cauchi in which he found built a new house of wood and earth, which the cacique of the place, who is called Cauchi Orata, had built for His Majesty because previously he had been ordered [to do so] by the captain when the captain was in the place which is called Joara where the said cacique went to reconnoiter.

. . . the captain, being in the place called Cauchi, saw an Indian walking among the Indian women with an apron before him as [the women] wear it and he did what they did. The captain, having seen this, summoned Guillermo Rufin, interpreter, and the other interpreters and when they were thus called, the captain, before many soldiers of his company, told them to ask why that Indian went among the Indian women, wearing an apron as they did. The interpreters asked the above mentioned of the cacique of the place and the cacique replied through the interpreters that the Indian was his brother and that because he was not a man for war nor carrying on the business of a man. {Look} he went about in that manner like a woman and he did all that is given to a woman to do.

. . . the captain, Juan Pardo, continuing the journey left the place called Olameco (sic) on called Tanasqui, which was situated on a certain piece of solid ground, like an island surrounded by water because the place was like that, surrounded by two copious rivers, which join one with the other, at a tip of the said island. . . the captain with his company, crossed on foot one of the rivers which was a great labor because it was navel-deep, and rather more than less. There was a good distance [from] the spot where the captain with his company crossed the river to get to the village (Iugar) and on that side the cacique and Indians of the place had built a wall with three towers for its defense. As the captain with his company arrived in it [the village], he summoned the cacique of the place, who is called Tanasqui Orata, by means of Guillermo Ruffn, interpreter, and other inter­preters. His Grace asked him through the interpreters why he had built the wall in that part where his Grace entered rather than in another place. To which question the cacique replied that [he did it] for defense from his enemies, who, if they came to do him harm, had no place by which to enter his town (pueblo) except by that place. . . . The interpreters made the customary speech to the cacique and the cacique replied making the “Yaa,” by which he gave [onel to understand that he was very content to do and carry out what he was commanded. The captain, in view of the obedience of the cacique, gave him a large wedge and a half yard of London cloth and a yard of linen. . . . 

continuing the journey on October 7, 1567, arrived at a place which is called Chiaha. In order to enter it, the captain with his company crossed three copious rivers and entered into the place. It is on an excellent, strong site because it is an island surrounded by copious rivers. He was in the place with his company for eight days because it was a large place and in it [were] many Indians and because he was well received by the cacique and the Indians.

. . . continuing the journey . . . on October 13, 1567, and on this day went with his company five leagues from the said place [to a spot] which was in the countryside (campaña), where he stopped for the night and slept.

. . . continuing the journey on October 14, 1567, departed from the spot where he had slept and on this day he went with his company five leagues further by a very rough way, where, climbing a very high mountain he slept on the other side. Being at the top of it he found a small reddish stone and having found it, he summoned before him Andrës Suarcz. a smelter of gold and silver, to whom he showed the said stone. He saw it and having seen it, he said that the appearance which the stone had gave one to understand that it might be silver. . . .

continuing the trip on October 15, 1567, arrived with his company at a place called Chalahume, where he made a halt and slept that night.

. . . the captain, Juan Pardo, continuing the trip on October 16, 1567, arrived at a place which is called Satapo where he was well received. This day he made a halt and stayed in the place. Then immediately he summoned the cacique of the place, who is called Satapo Orata, to whom, through Guillermo Rufin, interpreter, the customary speech was made. The cacique, having understood it, made the “Yaa,” letting it be understood that he was ready to do as he was commanded. The captain, in view of the obedience which the cacique showed, gave him an axe and a mirror and a necklace in order to content him because there the captain was informed that many other Spaniards who before now have come through these parts on foot as well as on horseback, have been killed by the cacique and the Indians who are subject to him.

Likewise that night, when it was about midnight, more or less. Guillermo Rufin, interpreter of the company, being asleep in a hut, there came to him an Indian of that place who knew him because for two or three days he had come with the company. He said to Guillermo Rufln, interpreter, that if he would arrange for the captain to give him an axe he would discover and tell a certain treachery that the Indians and caciques of the place and the Indians and caciques of Cosa, and of Uchi, and of Casque and of Olameco, who until now had gone with the company, had prepared. The said Guillermo Rufin, together with the Indian went to where the captain was and told him what the Indian had said to him. The captain having understood the above, gave an axe to the Indian. Then the Indian gave him to understand and said that Cosa, who had arrived there that night with many Indians, his vassals, and Olameco, and Uchi, and Casque, caciques, with all the Indians whom they had there, and the cacique of that place, with all his Indians, were accustomed to kill many Spaniards who before now had come through those parts and that they would have discussed no less and [had] agreed among themselves to make three ambushes and put them in a spot where the captain and his company had to pass on their way to Cosa and in addition to this that the said Cosa and the other caciques had agreed earlier not to give [anything] to eat nor to bring anything to the captain with his company in any place of theirs unless it was paid for. The captain, having understood the above, thanked the Indian very much for what he had told him. . . . the captain, together with the ensign, sergeant, and corporals agreed that for the service of God and of His Majesty that from there they should return directly to Olamico which was three days’ journey from there, by another different road from that which they had followed until there and that in Olamico there should be built a fort and that in it there should remain the number of persons and munitions which seemed suitable to the captain. Thus with this opinion the captain together with his company returned directly to Olamico, by very rough roads and mountains in order to take his company safely, on which road he slept two nights in the countryside (campana) which was crossed with very hard work. On the nineteenth day of the said month he arrived at a place which is called Chiaha where he summoned the cacique of the place, who is called Chiaha Orata. The customary speech was made to him and the cacique made the “Yaa”,  letting it be understood that he was ready to do what he was commanded.

After the above on October 17, 1567, . . . he arrived with his company at a place which is called Satapo with the intention and will of continuing the journey and of finishing it as he had been ordered to do by the very illustrious gentleman, Pedro Menéndez de Avilës, adelantado of the provinces of Florida in the name of His Majesty; and how because of learning and understanding that the caciques and Indians of the places through which he was to pass from there on were irritated, and wished to kill him and the people of his company, and that if this should not be that in none of the villages (lugares) would they let him enter or give him food unless he paid for it and that in addition to this on the said day a great number of Indians were waiting for him in three places on the road by which he was to pass in order to kill him and destroy his company; and how for those reasons and for many others which were notorious in his company, His Grace returned on this day from [that] place, directly toward the city of Santa Elena with the intention of making and building in a place which is called Olamico, which by another name is called Chiaha,

. . . on October 20, 1567. . . the captain, continuing his return with his company, arrived at the place called Olamico which by another name is called Chiaha. As soon as he arrived, on this day, he laid out the fort which it was agreed should be built in Olamico. Thus it was begun to be built then and after four days it was finished. When it was finished the captain left in the fort Marcos Jimenez, a corporal in his company, with twenty-five men, soldiers of the company, in order that they should be there and guard the fort.

. . . on October 22, 1567, the captain, Juan Pardo, continuing the return on this day, left the place called Olamico with his company and on the twenty-seventh day of the month arrived at a place which is called Cauchi. As soon as he arrived in it, he laid out a fort, which he named San Pablo. He gave an order and commanded that it should be built in order better to preserve the friendship of the Indians of the land, which was done and [it was] finished on October 30.

After the above, on November, 1567, the captain, Juan Pardo, continuing the return, arrived at a place which is called Tocahe (sic) where the captain was well received by the mandador and principal men of the said town (pueblo) to whom the captain gave two chisels and two necklaces and a piece of red taffeta with which the above mentioned were very content.

. . . on November 3, 1567, . . . the captain, Juan Pardo, contin­uing his return, on this day departed from TocaE and arrived with his company five leagues from the said place in the countryside (campana) where he made a halt and slept. While he was there, five caciques from thereabouts came to bring food to the company.

. . . continuing the return. on November 6, 1567, arrived with his company at the city of Cuenca and fort of San Juan which in the Indian tongue is called Joara, where he made a halt and remained twenty days because the people of his company were tired and poorly provided, that they might have a place to rest and to provide themselves.